CliffsQuickReview Spanish I, kursy hiszpanskiego

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CliffsQuickReview
Spanish I
By Jill Rodriguez
Best-Selling Books • Digital Downloads • e-Books • Answer Networks • e-Newsletters • Branded Web Sites • e-Learning
New York, NY • Indianapolis, IN • Cleveland, OH
About the Author
Jill Rodriguez
has been teaching Spanish, includ-
ing Advanced Placement Spanish, for fourteen
years and has been named Teacher of the Year,
Teacher with the Greatest Impact, and Outstand-
ing Educator during that time. Jill has
received college board training for AP Spanish and
has helped design the AP cirricula. She is the
author of
Arco Master The AP Spanish Exam
and
has organized numerous educational tours of
Spain and Mexico for many of her students.
Publisher’s Acknowledgments
Editorial
Project Editor: Linda Brandon
Acquisitions Editor: Roxane Cerda
Copy Editor: Robert Annis
Technical Editor: Elsa Pittman
Editorial Assistant: Melissa Bennett
Production
Indexer: Janet Perlman
Proofreader: Professor Enrica J. Ardemagni, PhD
Hungry Minds Indianapolis Production Services
CliffsQuickReview
Spanish I
Published by
Hungry Minds, Inc.
909 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022
www.hungryminds.com
www.cliffsnotes.com
Copyright © 2002 Hungry Minds, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book, including interior design, cover design, and icons, may be
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2001039900
ISBN: 0-7645-6387-4
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
: THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR HAVE USED THEIR BEST EFFORTS IN
PREPARING THIS BOOK. THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO
THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED
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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Why You Need This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Visit Our Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1: Spelling and Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Cognates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Double consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The letter
c
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The letter
g
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The letter
j
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The letter
h
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The letter
d
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The letter
t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The letters
b
and
v
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Double consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Dictionary entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Vowel sounds and spellings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Diphthongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Stress and Accentuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Natural stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Written accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 2: Gender: Nouns and Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Deﬁnite articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Indeﬁnite articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Basic rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Article and sufﬁx changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Irregularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Number and Plurality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Plural forms of deﬁnite articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Plural forms of indeﬁnite articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Plural forms of nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Plural forms and accent marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Compound Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter 3: Replacing Nouns with Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Prounoun Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Pronoun Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Subject Case Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
English subject case pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Spanish subject case pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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