Chapter2, Ksiązki, WIND ENERGY - THE FACTS

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WIND ENERGY - THE FACTS
PART II
GRID INTEGRATION
Acknowledgements
Part II was compiled by Frans Van Hulle of EWEA and
Paul Gardner of Garrad Hassan and Partners.
We would like to thank all the peer reviewers for
their valuable advice and for the tremendous effort
that they put into the revision of Part II.
Part II was carefully reviewed by the following
experts:
J. Charles Smith
UWIG, USA
Alex De Broe
3E
Ana Estanquiero
INETI
Guillaume DUCLOS
ENR
II.1
SETTING THE SCENE
Wind Energy Penetration
and Integration
Wind capacity penetration (%)
=
Installed wind power capacity (MW) /
Peak load (MW)
In Part II, we consider the large-scale integration of
wind energy in the context that wind will meet a sub-
stantial share of the European electricity demand in
the future. While wind energy will cover around 4 per
cent of electricity demand in 2008, EWEA targets for
2020 and 2030 estimate penetration levels of up to
14 per cent and up to 28 per cent respectively (EWEA,
2008a).
Europe’s wind power resources are enormous and
could easily cover a larger share of the electricity
demand. This is already the case, notably in a few
regions in Germany, Denmark and Spain. The key
issue is how to develop the future power system so
that wind power can be integrated efﬁ ciently and
economically. Since integration efforts, such as costs
and decision-making, are related directly to the pen-
etration level of wind power, it is essential to have a
commonly deﬁ ned term. Wind energy penetration can
be deﬁ ned in a number of ways.
MAXIMUM SHARE OF WIND POWER
This looks at the power balance in a certain region,
taking into account the minimum demand, the maxi-
mum wind power generated and the exchange with
neighbouring regions or countries. This ﬁ gure must
remain below 100 per cent to ensure the correct power
balance in the region; the nearer to 100 per cent, the
closer the system is to its limits (when wind power
would need to be curtailed).
Maximum share of wind power
=
Maximum wind power generated (MW) /
Minimum load (MW)
+
power exchange
capacity (MW)
Throughout Part II, when reference is made to wind
power penetration, the ﬁ rst deﬁ nition will be used
unless speciﬁ ed otherwise.
As shown in Figure II.1.1, the wind energy pene-
tration levels vary throughout Europe. For the EU-27,
the overall penetration in 2020 will be around 12–14
per cent according to present EWEA and European
Commission (EC) targets.
Table II.1.1 shows the wind power capacity pene-
tration values (second deﬁ nition), at the beginning of
2007 for a number of countries in the Union for the
Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE)
area. These values are related to the reference load,
as set out in the UCTE System Adequacy Forecast
(January 2007). The installed wind power capacity
refers to the situation at the end of 2006.
The share of wind power (third deﬁ nition) is already
high in certain areas of Europe, for example West
Denmark (57 per cent) and the German state of
WIND ENERGY PENETRATION
This looks at the percentage of demand covered by
wind energy in a certain region, normally on an annual
basis (see Figure II.1.1).
Wind energy penetration (%)
=
Total amount of wind energy produced (TWh) /
Gross annual electricity demand (TWh)
WIND POWER CAPACITY PENETRATION
This looks at how the total installed wind power capa-
city in a certain region is related to the peak load in
this region over a certain time period.
156
WIND ENERGY - THE FACTS -
GRID INTEGRATION
Schleswig-Holstein (44 per cent), but the system can
absorb additional wind power before it reaches full
capacity. However, with increasing amounts of wind
power installed, improvements are required in the
power exchange capacities between various countries.
This will be discussed in more detail later in Part II.
Figure II.1.1: Overview of wind energy penetration levels in
Europe at the end of 2007
Denmark
Spain
Por tug al
Ireland
Germany
EU-27
Greece
Netherlands
Austria
UK
Estonia
Ital y
Sweden
Franc e
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Latvia
Belgium
Bulgaria
Poland
Czech republic
Hungary
Finland
Slovakia
Romania
Slovenia
Mal ta
Cyprus
21.3%
11.8%
9.3%
8.4%
7.0%
European Policy Framework Relevant
for Wind Power Integration
3.8%
3.7%
3.4%
3.3%
1.8%
1.8%
1.7%
1.3%
1.2%
1.1%
1.1%
0.9%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
The electricity system in Europe needs to be modiﬁ ed
in order to ensure security of supply, a fair and low elec-
tricity price for the consumer, and sustainable and
climate-friendly electricity generation. These objectives
form the basis of European energy policy. As wind power
will play an ever more important role in the electricity
supply, this section looks at some of the important
policy developments at the EU level which are vital for
the process of grid integration of wind power in Europe.
RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTIVE
A new Renewables Directive, agreed by the European
Union in December 2008, sets a 20 per cent target for
the EU as a whole for the share of energy demand to
be covered by renewables by 2020. In order to achieve
this target, the European Commission estimates that
wind power will have to cover 12 per cent of total
European electricity demand by 2020, although the
individual national and sectoral targets have yet to be
established. The Renewables Directive:
stipulates that Member States take ‘the appropri-
Source: EWEA (2008a)
Table II.1.1: Wind power capacity penetrations in various
European countries
Reference
load (GW)
Wind power
capacity (GW)
Capacity
penetration
•
West Denmark
3.8
2.5
66%
ate steps to develop transmission and distribution
grid infrastructure … to accommodate the further
development’ of renewable electricity; and
includes a clause relating to priority or guaranteed
Germany
74.0
20.6
28%
Spain
43.0
11.6
27%
Portugal
8.5
1.7
20%
•
The Netherlands
16.1
1.6
10%
access and priority dispatch for wind power and
other renewables, on condition that the reliability
and safety of the grid is maintained.
France
80.0
1.6
2%
Source: EWEA
WIND ENERGY - THE FACTS -
SETTING THE SCENE
157
INTERNAL ELECTRICITY MARKET
LEGISLATION
capacity. A European coordinator has been appointed
for this purpose.
A series of legal measures (the so-called ‘Third
Liberalisation Package’) were proposed in 2008. The
intention is to create a single electricity market in
Europe, with more coordinated regulation, improved
system operation at international level and fair access
for renewable energy sources (RES) generators. The
measures include stronger international cooperation
of transmission system operators (TSOs) under the
European Network of Transmission System Operators
for Electricity (ENTSO).
In principle, this could provide a changed framework
for the future development of harmonised grid codes in
the coming years. The implementation of the proposed
Liberalisation Package could also improve the inter-
connection between Member States. The future
Agency for the Coordination of Energy Regulators in
Europe (ACER), as proposed by the Liberalisation
Package, needs to ensure that TSOs submit appropri-
ate transmission development plans and that the regu-
lation in the market is improved, strengthened and
harmonised.
Brief Outline of the Main
Integration Issues
Given the current levels of wind power connected to
electricity systems, it is clearly feasible to integrate
wind power to a signiﬁ cant extent without major sys-
tem changes. The 60 GW of wind power already
installed in Europe shows:
areas of high, medium and low penetration levels;
•
where different conditions exist; and
•
where bottlenecks and challenges occur.
•
Wind power as a generation source has speciﬁ c char-
acteristics, including variability, geographical distribution,
favourable economics, and, above all, abundance and
environmental beneﬁ ts. Large-scale integration of both
onshore and offshore wind raises challenges for the vari-
ous stakeholders involved, ranging from generation, trans-
mission and distribution to power trading and consumers.
In order to integrate wind power successfully, a number
of issues need to be addressed in the following areas:
design and operation of the power system:
reserve
capacities and balance management, short-term
forecasting of wind power, demand-side management
and storage, and optimisation of system ﬂ exibility;
grid infrastructure issues:
•
THE TEN-E PROGRAMME
The Trans-European Energy Networks (TEN–E) pro-
gramme addresses transmission development issues
at the European level, in order to support the further
development of the internal electricity market. A Green
Paper on transmission issues was published in the
third quarter of 2008, which will form the basis for
European policies for transmission development and
should give guidance on the national policy frame-
works. The TEN-E programme is currently being com-
plemented by a European Commission initiative to
explore and possibly implement grid reinforcements,
including offshore grid transmission lines to enable
the connection of the predicted offshore wind power
optimisation of present
infrastructure, extensions and reinforcements,
offshore grids, and improved interconnection;
grid connection of wind power:
•
grid codes, power
quality and wind power plant capabilities;
market redesign issues:
•
market aggregation and
adapted market rules increasing the market ﬂ exibil-
ity, particularly for cross-border exchange and oper-
ating the system closer to the delivery hour; and
institutional issues:
•
stakeholder incentives, non-
discriminatory third party grid access and sociali-
sation of costs.
•
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